Munich 2013, p.174, suggests a later date of ca. 1597 for this work but the reasons don't seem necessary; in particular, Jan was certainly doing hell/underworld scenes before 1598.

Copy by a follower, with different staffage, formerly art market Germany 1978 (copper, 20.5 x 29.5). Variant with quite different landscape and similar figures--rearranged--formerly art market, London (Christie's 18/19.vii.74 #219) (panel, 24 x 32)--not in Ertz. Copy accepted by Ertz as original (his 327) in private collection, copper, 18.5 x 25.5

Related drawing in Darmstadt, Hessisches Landesmuseum, inv. #AE 397, signed and dated 1594 gives terminus post quem for this painting. Drawing too shows Castel sant' Angelo, bridge, St. Peter's, and other recognizable landmarks.

According to Louisa Ruby, Jan Brueghel "used a similar bridge and the motif of St. Peter’s from his drawing Large Fish Market with Self Portrait and the View of the City of Rome with the Tiber, Castel Sant'Angelo and St. Peters in numerous paintings, including Munich’s Large Fish Market with Self Portrait and the Aeneas Carrying Anchises from the Burning Troy (Munich)"